Qué son los Casos de Uso

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Los diagramas de casos de uso son importantes para modelar el comportamiento de un sistema, un subsistema o una clase.  Están formados por tres elementos: actores (quién interacciona con el sistema), casos de uso (lo que hace el sistema) y sus relaciones (interacciones entre actores y sistema).

Este tipo de diagrama suele ser uno de los primeros que realizamos en el modelado, pues indica la funcionabilidad que dará el programa a los actores (personas o subsitemas) que lo usen.

 

Las relaciones entre casos de uso

 

En una aplicación son varios los actores que hacen uso de la misma, y además pueden realizar varias acciones. Por ello debemos indicar que elementos se comunican con otros y que tipo de relación tienen entre ellos.

Las relaciones entre casos de uso y/o actores son las siguientes:

Comunicación

Es la relacióncomún, con ella indicamos que puede hacer cada uno de los actores. Se representa con una línea.

Extensión

Usaremos la relación de extensión cuando una acción derive de otra, es decir cuando al ejecutarla necesite o accione otra de las funciones del sistemas. Por ejemplo; si tenemos la acción de listar productos en una aplicación, al realizarla podemos hacer que los ordene por el precio. Lo cual es otro de los casos de uso del sistema.

Inclusión

La inclusión es cuando un caso de uso tiene que preceder a otro, o ejecutarse con la acción que queremos realizar. Por ejemplo, si queremos indicar una acción de alta de clientes, antes de esto debemos identificarnos en el sistemas (si no se ha hecho ya).

Generalización

Expresa el mismo concepto de herencia que existe entre clases.  Un caso de uso puede heredar el comportamiento de otro. En este caso los casos de uso o actores “hijos” son una especialización del padre. Este tipo de relaciones deberían evitarse a la hora del desarrollo pues producen cierta confusión.

 

Caso práctico I

 

Imagina que queremos crear un sistema para gestionar el uso de coches compartidos entre usuarios. Tenemos a los propietarios de los vehículos, que dan de alta un vehículo y seleccionan los usuarios que podrán hacer uso del mismo.

Los usuarios pueden solicitar cambiar de vehículo cuando quieran, pudiendo consultar las peticiones de cambios de otros usuarios.

Los usuarios solo podrán consultar y pedir cambios de los vehículos a los que el propietario le diese permiso.

 

 

Caso prácticoII

 

Ahora queremos crear un juego donde participan dos jugadores on-line. Cuando desean jugar uno de ellos tiene que crear la partida, mientras que el otro se une a ella. El objetivo del juego es disparar al contrario. Si uno de los dos jugadores acierta, la partida termina.

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